Logistics
Moving a consignment without losing it
Agricultural cargo is not inert freight. It respires, absorbs moisture, ripens, taints, and settles, and every day in transit is a day of that happening. This section describes how consignments move — the modes, the handling, the units they travel in, and the conditions that have to hold — and what each operation can and cannot protect.
Transport preserves; it does not improve
The single most useful thing to know about a logistics operation is the direction it works in. A reefer container holds a temperature; it does not un-warm a pallet that was loaded warm. A hold keeps a cargo dry; it does not dry it. Condition at loading is the ceiling for condition at discharge, which is why every entry here names the post-harvest operations it assumes were done first, and the quality attributes it puts at stake.
Logistics is the physical half of a trade. The contractual half — who arranges carriage, who bears the loss, who clears the goods — is described under trade concepts, and the ways a chain fails are described under supply-chain risks.
Transport modes are a class, not a separate section
Sea freight and palletisation are documented the same way and answer the same kind of question, so a mode is a class of logistics concept rather than its own route. Each entry states the cargo forms it applies to — dry bulk, liquid bulk, breakbulk, containerised, unitised, or live — because an operation apt for one form is often meaningless for another.
Every entry states its own limits
There is no single disclaimer that covers this section, because the honest limit differs per operation. Route, vessel, season, packaging, contract, and counterparty change what an operation achieves, and a generalised claim about any of them would be invented. Each entry therefore carries its own operational limitations, stated on the page alongside the description they qualify.
AgricultureID is not a freight forwarder, carrier, broker, or inspection body, and books, quotes, and surveys nothing.
Logistics concepts A–Z
Each entry covers what the operation is for, the cargo forms and commodities it applies to, the quality attributes at stake, the operations it depends on, the standards that govern it, the risks it is exposed to, and its own operational limits.
23 entries
- Logistics concept
Air Freight of Perishables
Air freight carries perishables whose value or fragility cannot survive a sea voyage, buying time at a cost per kilogramme far above every other mode. Its paradox is that the fastest mode has the weakest cold chain: the flight is short, and almost nothing on the ground is refrigerated.
- Logistics concept
Bonded Warehouse
A bonded warehouse is premises approved by a customs authority where imported goods may be stored without duty and import taxes becoming payable. Physically it is an ordinary warehouse; what makes it bonded is a legal status, under which the goods have arrived in the country but have not yet legally entered its market.
- Logistics concept
Break-Bulk Handling
Break-bulk handling moves cargo as individually counted pieces — bags, bales, drums, crates — loaded and stowed one parcel at a time. It is slow and labour-intensive, and it survives because it needs almost no shore infrastructure and because a counted piece is a thing a bulk hold cannot give you.
- Logistics concept
Bulk Loading and Discharge
Bulk loading and discharge move unpackaged commodity between a store and a ship as a flowing mass, using gravity, conveyors, grabs, and air. Every one of those methods trades speed against gentleness, and the cargo pays the difference.
- Logistics concept
Bulk Sea Freight
Bulk sea freight carries unpackaged, free-flowing cargo directly in a ship’s holds, with the hold itself acting as the container. It is the mode that moves the world’s grains and oilseeds, and its defining problem is that a cargo which can be poured can also shift, settle, and heat.
- Logistics concept
Cold Chain Integrity
Cold chain integrity is the property of a temperature-controlled chain in which the commodity is held within its intended condition continuously, from removal of field heat to delivery. Its defining characteristic is that it is cumulative and irreversible: a deviation is not corrected by later refrigeration, only recorded by it.
- Logistics concept
Cold Store Facility
A cold store is a refrigerated building where perishable consignments are held between legs of a journey. It is the fixed point the cold chain is built around, and its most dangerous feature is the doorway — the place where the chain it exists to protect is most often broken.
- Logistics concept
Container Shipping
Container shipping moves cargo in standardised steel boxes that can pass between ship, rail, and road without the goods inside being touched. Its power is not the box but the standardisation: because every container presents the same interfaces, the whole world’s handling equipment can be built once.
- Logistics concept
Container Stuffing
Container stuffing is the operation of packing cargo into a container and closing the doors. It is brief, unglamorous, usually unsupervised, and it determines more about arrival condition than the entire voyage that follows — because after it, nobody looks inside again.
- Logistics concept
Controlled Atmosphere Transport
Controlled atmosphere transport actively manages the gas composition around a respiring commodity in transit, slowing it down beyond what temperature alone achieves. It buys time — often enough to move produce by sea that would otherwise have to fly — and it does so by holding a living tissue close to a limit it must not cross.
- Logistics concept
Draught Survey
A draught survey determines how much bulk cargo a ship loaded or discharged by weighing the ship itself — measuring how deep she sits before and after, and taking the difference. It is how the quantity of a bulk consignment is established when there is nothing to count.
- Logistics concept
Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers
A flexible intermediate bulk container is a large woven fabric bag with lifting loops, holding a quantity between a sack and a bulk consignment. It occupies a genuine gap in the trade — parcels too big to handle by hand and too small to justify a bulk chain — and it is a lifting device whose failure mode is a suspended load falling.
- Logistics concept
Fumigation in Transit
Fumigation in transit is the practice of applying a fumigant treatment to a consignment that then continues to act while the consignment travels, using voyage time rather than adding to it. It is a licensed pest-control activity carried out under national regulation and label law, and this page describes only the practice and its regulation.
- Logistics concept
Grain Terminal
A grain terminal receives, stores, conditions, and despatches bulk grain between land transport and a ship. Its real function is not storage but transformation of identity: it converts many farmers’ individual loads into a homogeneous, graded, contractual commodity.
- Logistics concept
Inland Waterway Transport
Inland waterway transport moves bulk agricultural commodities along rivers and canals by barge, at the lowest inland cost per tonne available where a navigable river happens to run the right way. Its defining vulnerability is that the infrastructure is a natural system: the river decides how much can move, and the river changes.
- Logistics concept
Multimodal Transport
Multimodal transport moves a consignment over two or more modes under a single contract with one party responsible end to end. The physical chain is unchanged; what changes is that the interfaces between modes become someone’s responsibility rather than nobody’s.
- Logistics concept
Palletisation
Palletisation assembles many small packages into one unit that a machine can lift, so that a consignment is handled a pallet at a time rather than a carton at a time. It is the reason mechanised handling is possible at all, and its costs are paid in air, in timber, and in blocked airflow.
- Logistics concept
Port of Entry Inspection
Port of entry inspection is the destination country’s check on an arriving consignment before it may enter the market. It is where a shipment’s documents, its identity, and its physical condition are tested against requirements set by the importing state — and the only place in the chain where a sound cargo can be refused outright.
- Logistics concept
Pre-Shipment Inspection
Pre-shipment inspection is an independent examination of a consignment at origin, before it sails, establishing what was actually shipped. It exists because the buyer is not there — and because once the cargo has left, nobody can reconstruct what condition it was in when it did.
- Logistics concept
Rail Freight of Agricultural Goods
Rail moves agricultural commodities overland in volumes road cannot match and at costs road cannot approach, provided the flow is large, regular, and between two points that already have track. Its economics are the economics of a fixed network: efficient where it exists, absent where it does not.
- Logistics concept
Reefer Container Transport
A reefer container is an intermodal box with its own refrigeration unit, carrying perishables across modes while holding them at a set condition. It is a maintenance machine, not a cooling machine — the distinction explains most of the ways it disappoints.
- Logistics concept
Road Haulage of Agricultural Goods
Road haulage is the only mode that can reach a field, and therefore the mode every agricultural supply chain begins with and most end with. It is the most flexible and the most expensive per tonne-kilometre, which is why it is used for the shortest legs and the ones nothing else can do.
- Logistics concept
Temperature Monitoring in Transit
Temperature monitoring records the condition a consignment actually experienced during carriage, rather than the condition it was instructed to experience. It changes nothing physically — its entire function is evidential, and that turns out to be enough to change behaviour.
Sources
This article draws on the following authoritative sources. See our sources & methodology for how they are selected.
- [1]IMO — international shipping regulation (opens in a new tab)Authoritative
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Cited for: Maritime carriage of cargo, including solid bulk cargo practice
- Type:
- Intergovernmental organization
- Jurisdiction:
- Global
- Accessed:
- 2026-07-16
- High
Cited for: Air cargo handling of perishable and temperature-controlled consignments
- Type:
- Standards body
- Jurisdiction:
- Global
- Accessed:
- 2026-07-16
Cited for: Supply-chain identification and traceability standards
- Type:
- Standards body
- Jurisdiction:
- Global
- Accessed:
- 2026-07-16