AgricultureID

Country agriculture profile · Europe & Central Asia

Spain

Spain is one of the European Union's leading agricultural producers and the world's foremost producer of olive oil, with a Mediterranean-dominated sector built on olives, wine, citrus, fruit and vegetables alongside extensive dryland cereals on the central Meseta. A sharp contrast runs between rainfed dryland farming and highly productive irrigated horticulture, including the intensive greenhouse systems of the southeast that supply much of Europe's off-season produce. Livestock is dominated by a very large pig sector and by extensive sheep, goat and Iberian-pig grazing on the dehesa oak rangelands. Farming operates within the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), and water availability is the defining long-term constraint on the sector.

Stable overview + dated statistics4 subnational regions →Updated: 2026-07-12

Farming systems (stable overview)

Climate zones

  • Mediterranean
  • Semi-arid continental (interior Meseta)
  • Temperate oceanic (north)
  • Arid (southeast)

Agroecological zones

  • Mediterranean permanent crops
  • Dryland cereal Meseta
  • Irrigated coastal and river-valley horticulture

Dominant crop systems

  • Olive groves across Andalusia and the interior
  • Rainfed winter cereals (wheat, barley) on the central Meseta
  • Viticulture across designated regions (La Rioja, La Mancha, Ribera del Duero)
  • Irrigated citrus and horticulture along the Mediterranean coast and Guadalquivir valley
  • Intensive greenhouse vegetable production in the southeast (Almería)
  • Almonds and other tree nuts

Major livestock systems

  • Intensive pig production, among the largest herds in the European Union
  • Iberian pigs grazing dehesa oak rangeland
  • Extensive sheep and goats for meat, milk and cheese
  • Dairy and beef cattle in the wetter north

Irrigation: Irrigation is central to high-value output and is concentrated in the Mediterranean arc and the Ebro and Guadalquivir valleys, where water scarcity is a persistent constraint.

Latest verified data

Each value is the most recent available observation, shown with its own year and unit. Figures are periodically revised — treat them as dated, sourced statistics, not evergreen facts.

Latest available agricultural indicators, with year and unit
IndicatorValueUnitYear
Agricultural land49.58% of land area2023
Arable land23.01% of land area2023
Irrigated agricultural land15.12% of agricultural land2023
Cereal yield3,785.9kg per hectare2024
Crop production index87.04index (2014–2016 = 100)2022
Livestock production index118.7index (2014–2016 = 100)2022
Agriculture value added2.75% of GDP2024
Employment in agriculture(est.)3.47% of total employment2024

Source: World Bank Open Data (World Development Indicators) (opens in a new tab) · dataset version 2026-07-01 · retrieved 2026-07-12

Commodity market data

7,030 official observations across 62 commodities. Figures are shown on each commodity page with the unit, status and release its source published.

Commodities with official market series for this country
CommodityMetrics recorded
AlmondsArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
AvocadosArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
BananasArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Barley GrainArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Black PeppercornsExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Buckwheat GrainExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Cashew NutsExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
ChickpeasIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Cocoa BeansExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Cotton LintProduction, Beginning stocks, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Index value, Export value, Import value
CottonseedProduction, Index value, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
CowpeasExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
CucumbersArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
DatesIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Dried ChilliesIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Dried Tobacco LeafArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Dry BeansIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Dry Bulb OnionsArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Dry PeasArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Flax FibreArea harvested, Production, Yield, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
FlaxseedArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Fresh ApplesArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Fresh BlueberriesArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Fresh OrangesArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Fresh PineapplesIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Fresh StrawberriesArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Fresh SweetcornExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Fresh TomatoesArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Green CoffeeIndex value, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
GroundnutsIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
HazelnutsArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Head CabbageArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Hemp FibreArea harvested, Production, Yield, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Hen EggsProduction, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Jute FibreExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
LentilsIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Maize GrainArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Milled RiceExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Millet GrainIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Oat GrainArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Pigeon PeasExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
PistachiosExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
RapeseedArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Raw Cow MilkProduction, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Raw WoolIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Rice PaddyArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Rye GrainArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Safflower SeedIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Sesame SeedExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Sorghum GrainArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
SoybeansArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Sugar BeetArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
SugarcaneProducer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Sunflower SeedArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Sweet PotatoesIndex value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Tea LeafExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Triticale GrainArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Vanilla BeansExports, Export value, Imports, Import value
WalnutsArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Ware PotatoesArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
Wheat GrainArea harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value
YamsExports, Export value, Imports, Import value

How these figures are recorded

Cereal yield over time

201320192024
Spain — Cereal yield (kg per hectare). Bars start at zero.
Show data table
Spain — Cereal yield in kg per hectare by year
Yearkg per hectare
20134,047.1
20143,248.5
20153,243.1
20163,877.8
20172,770.2
20184,205.5
20193,445.5
20204,501.5
20214,227.4
20223,307.4
20232,190.9
20243,785.9

Source: World Bank Open Data (World Development Indicators) (opens in a new tab) · dataset version 2026-07-01 · retrieved 2026-07-12

Derived indicator

Arable land as a share of agricultural land: 46.4 % of agricultural land (2023)

Derived value — formula arable-share-of-agricultural-land v1.0.0 (calc v1). Inputs: AG.LND.ARBL.ZS (23.0) ÷ AG.LND.AGRI.ZS (49.6). A derived ratio, not an observed statistic. Sensitive to rounding and to differing revision cycles of the two source series; omit rather than extrapolate when a common year is unavailable.

Documented crops & livestock

Agricultural institutions

  • MAPA — Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación).
  • INIA-CSIC — National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, part of the Spanish National Research Council.
  • FEGA — Spanish Agricultural Guarantee Fund, the national CAP paying agency.

Agricultural authorities

Official public bodies verified against government sources. AgricultureID is independent and not affiliated with them.

  • Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y AlimentaciónMinistry

    Spain's national ministry responsible for agriculture, fisheries and food, which publishes a formal statement of its functions and structure.

All agricultural authorities

Data coverage & limitations

Covered by the World Bank WDI snapshots for land, production, yield, economy, inputs, and environment indicators.

What AgricultureID has indexed for Spain
LayerStatusWhat is held
Agricultural authoritiesCovered1 record
Official registriesCovered1 record
Compliance requirementsNot yet indexed—
Support programmesNot yet indexed—
Biosecurity listingsNot yet indexed—
Variety registrationsCovered5 records
Input authorisationsOfficial source not in a usable form—Spain’s official pesticide register was found and read in a browser. Its published extract could not be verified in a form this corpus can ingest without inference.
Extension resourcesNot yet indexed—
Market statisticsCovered476 records
Soil survey observationsNot yet indexed—
Border requirementsNot yet indexed—
Farm economics figuresCovered1,533 records
Climate, drought and water valuesCovered58 records

This page describes what AgricultureID has indexed, not what exists. A layer shown as not yet indexed means nobody has looked, and never that the thing is absent in that country. How coverage is worked out.

  • Statistics are dated, versioned and periodically revised; always read the year and dataset version rather than treating a figure as current.
  • National and EU statistical definitions (for example utilised agricultural area and livestock categories) differ from those of other countries, limiting direct cross-country comparison.
  • Water scarcity and recurrent drought cause large year-to-year swings in output that single-year figures cannot convey.
  • The economic weight of high-value permanent crops such as olives, wine and citrus is understated by tonnage-based production indicators.

Sources

This article draws on the following authoritative sources. See our sources & methodology for how they are selected.

  1. [1]World Bank Open Data — World Development Indicators (opens in a new tab)

    World Bank

    Authoritative

    Cited for: Agricultural statistics (WDI)

    Type:
    Intergovernmental organization
    Jurisdiction:
    Global
    Accessed:
    2026-07-12
  2. [2]European Commission — Agriculture and rural development (opens in a new tab)

    European Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture

    Authoritative

    Cited for: EU Common Agricultural Policy framework and farm statistics

    Type:
    Government agency
    Jurisdiction:
    European Union
    Accessed:
    2026-07-12
  3. [3]FAO — Food and Agriculture Organization (opens in a new tab)

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

    Authoritative

    Cited for: Global agriculture and food production context

    Type:
    Intergovernmental organization
    Jurisdiction:
    Global
    Accessed:
    2026-07-12