Country agriculture profile · Europe & Central Asia
Turkiye
Turkiye spans a wide climatic range, from the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts and the humid Black Sea littoral to the semi-arid interior of the Anatolian plateau, giving it one of the most diverse agricultural bases in its region. Rainfed winter wheat and barley dominate the plateau, while Mediterranean tree and vine crops — olives, grapes, figs, citrus, and hazelnuts — line the coasts, and irrigated cotton and horticulture concentrate in the Cukurova plain and the Southeastern Anatolia Project area. Extensive sheep and goat grazing on rangelands coexists with expanding intensive dairy and poultry sectors. A long-standing agricultural exporter, Turkiye is a leading source of hazelnuts, dried fruit, and fresh produce for European and Middle Eastern markets.
Farming systems (stable overview)
Climate zones
- Mediterranean
- Semi-arid continental
- Humid subtropical (Black Sea coast)
- Highland
Agroecological zones
- Mediterranean and Aegean coastal belt
- Anatolian semi-arid steppe (interior plateau)
- Black Sea humid littoral
- Eastern highlands
Dominant crop systems
- Rainfed winter wheat and barley on the Anatolian plateau
- Mediterranean tree and vine crops (olive, grape, fig, citrus) along the coasts
- Irrigated cotton and horticulture in the Cukurova plain and the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) area
- Hazelnut and tea on the humid Black Sea coast
- Greenhouse vegetable production, notably tomato, in the Mediterranean south
Major livestock systems
- Extensive sheep and goat grazing on rangelands and highlands
- Dairy and beef cattle
- Intensive broiler and layer poultry
Irrigation: Irrigation is significant and expanding — most notably through the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) on the Tigris and Euphrates — but a large share of cereal production remains rainfed and exposed to drought.
Latest verified data
Each value is the most recent available observation, shown with its own year and unit. Figures are periodically revised — treat them as dated, sourced statistics, not evergreen facts.
| Indicator | Value | Unit | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural land | 50.14 | % of land area | 2023 |
| Arable land | 26.35 | % of land area | 2023 |
| Cereal yield | 3,428.7 | kg per hectare | 2024 |
| Crop production index | 125.29 | index (2014–2016 = 100) | 2022 |
| Agriculture value added | 5.82 | % of GDP | 2024 |
| Employment in agriculture(est.) | 14.55 | % of total employment | 2024 |
| Irrigated agricultural land | 12.47 | % of agricultural land | 2023 |
| Average precipitation | 593 | mm per year | 2022 |
Source: World Bank Open Data (World Development Indicators) (opens in a new tab) · dataset version 2026-07-01 · retrieved 2026-07-12
Commodity market data
7,944 official observations across 58 commodities. Figures are shown on each commodity page with the unit, status and release its source published.
| Commodity | Metrics recorded |
|---|---|
| Almonds | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Avocados | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Bananas | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Barley Grain | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Feed use, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value, Import value |
| Black Peppercorns | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Buckwheat Grain | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Cashew Nuts | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Chickpeas | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Cocoa Beans | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Cotton Lint | Production, Beginning stocks, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Index value, Export value, Import value |
| Cottonseed | Production, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Index value, Export value, Import value |
| Cowpeas | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Cucumbers | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Dates | Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Dried Chillies | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Dried Tobacco Leaf | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Dry Beans | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Dry Bulb Onions | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Dry Peas | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Flax Fibre | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Exports, Export value |
| Flaxseed | Area harvested, Production, Index value, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Fresh Apples | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Fresh Oranges | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Fresh Pineapples | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Fresh Strawberries | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Fresh Tomatoes | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Green Coffee | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Groundnuts | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value, Import value |
| Hazelnuts | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Head Cabbage | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Hemp Fibre | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Hen Eggs | Production, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Jute Fibre | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Lentils | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Maize Grain | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Feed use, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value, Import value |
| Milled Rice | Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Export value, Import value |
| Millet Grain | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Oat Grain | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Feed use, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value, Import value |
| Pistachios | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Rapeseed | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value, Import value |
| Raw Cow Milk | Production, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Raw Wool | Production, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Rice Paddy | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Rye Grain | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value |
| Safflower Seed | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Sesame Seed | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Sorghum Grain | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Soybeans | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value, Import value |
| Sugar Beet | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value |
| Sugarcane | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Sunflower Seed | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value, Import value |
| Sweet Potatoes | Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Tea Leaf | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Triticale Grain | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Vanilla Beans | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Walnuts | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Ware Potatoes | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Index value, Producer price, Exports, Export value, Imports, Import value |
| Wheat Grain | Area harvested, Production, Yield, Beginning stocks, Domestic use, Ending stocks, Exports, Feed use, Imports, Index value, Producer price, Export value, Import value |
Cereal yield over time
Show data table
| Year | kg per hectare |
|---|---|
| 2013 | 3,256.9 |
| 2014 | 2,832.1 |
| 2015 | 3,307.8 |
| 2016 | 3,105.4 |
| 2017 | 3,257.4 |
| 2018 | 3,163.9 |
| 2019 | 3,200.8 |
| 2020 | 3,341.5 |
| 2021 | 2,918.5 |
| 2022 | 3,464.7 |
| 2023 | 3,659.1 |
| 2024 | 3,428.7 |
Source: World Bank Open Data (World Development Indicators) (opens in a new tab) · dataset version 2026-07-01 · retrieved 2026-07-12
Derived indicator
Arable land as a share of agricultural land: 52.5 % of agricultural land (2023)
Derived value — formula arable-share-of-agricultural-land v1.0.0 (calc v1). Inputs: AG.LND.ARBL.ZS (26.3) ÷ AG.LND.AGRI.ZS (50.1). A derived ratio, not an observed statistic. Sensitive to rounding and to differing revision cycles of the two source series; omit rather than extrapolate when a common year is unavailable.
Documented crops & livestock
Agricultural institutions
- General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) — National agricultural research organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Tarim ve Orman Bakanligi) — National ministry responsible for agriculture, food, forestry, and water resources.
Data coverage & limitations
Covered by the World Bank WDI snapshots for land, production, yield, economy, inputs, and environment indicators, compiled largely from FAO and national sources.
| Layer | Status | What is held |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural authorities | Covered | 1 record |
| Official registries | Not yet indexed | — |
| Compliance requirements | Not yet indexed | — |
| Support programmes | Not yet indexed | — |
| Biosecurity listings | Not yet indexed | — |
| Variety registrations | Not yet indexed | — |
| Input authorisations | Not yet indexed | — |
| Extension resources | Not yet indexed | — |
| Market statistics | Covered | 536 records |
| Soil survey observations | Not yet indexed | — |
| Border requirements | Not yet indexed | — |
| Farm economics figures | Not yet indexed | — |
| Climate, drought and water values | Covered | 50 records |
This page describes what AgricultureID has indexed, not what exists. A layer shown as not yet indexed means nobody has looked, and never that the thing is absent in that country. How coverage is worked out.
- Agricultural statistics are dated, versioned, and periodically revised; always read them together with their observation year and dataset version.
- National statistical definitions — of agricultural land, irrigated area, holdings, and livestock categories — differ between countries and over time, which limits strict cross-country comparison.
- Rainfed cereal output on the Anatolian plateau varies substantially between years with drought, so a single-year figure can misrepresent the underlying trend.
- Production is regionally concentrated (hazelnuts on the Black Sea coast, cotton and pistachio in the south-east), a pattern that national aggregates obscure.
Sources
This article draws on the following authoritative sources. See our sources & methodology for how they are selected.
- Authoritative
Cited for: Agricultural statistics (WDI)
- Type:
- Intergovernmental organization
- Jurisdiction:
- Global
- Accessed:
- 2026-07-12
- [2]FAO — Food and Agriculture Organization (opens in a new tab)Authoritative
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Cited for: Production systems, irrigation, and food-balance context
- Type:
- Intergovernmental organization
- Jurisdiction:
- Global
- Accessed:
- 2026-07-12