AgricultureID

Country agriculture profile · Europe & Central Asia

Turkiye

Turkiye spans a wide climatic range, from the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts and the humid Black Sea littoral to the semi-arid interior of the Anatolian plateau, giving it one of the most diverse agricultural bases in its region. Rainfed winter wheat and barley dominate the plateau, while Mediterranean tree and vine crops — olives, grapes, figs, citrus, and hazelnuts — line the coasts, and irrigated cotton and horticulture concentrate in the Cukurova plain and the Southeastern Anatolia Project area. Extensive sheep and goat grazing on rangelands coexists with expanding intensive dairy and poultry sectors. A long-standing agricultural exporter, Turkiye is a leading source of hazelnuts, dried fruit, and fresh produce for European and Middle Eastern markets.

Stable overview + dated statisticsUpdated: 2026-07-12

Farming systems (stable overview)

Climate zones

  • Mediterranean
  • Semi-arid continental
  • Humid subtropical (Black Sea coast)
  • Highland

Agroecological zones

  • Mediterranean and Aegean coastal belt
  • Anatolian semi-arid steppe (interior plateau)
  • Black Sea humid littoral
  • Eastern highlands

Dominant crop systems

  • Rainfed winter wheat and barley on the Anatolian plateau
  • Mediterranean tree and vine crops (olive, grape, fig, citrus) along the coasts
  • Irrigated cotton and horticulture in the Cukurova plain and the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) area
  • Hazelnut and tea on the humid Black Sea coast
  • Greenhouse vegetable production, notably tomato, in the Mediterranean south

Major livestock systems

  • Extensive sheep and goat grazing on rangelands and highlands
  • Dairy and beef cattle
  • Intensive broiler and layer poultry

Irrigation: Irrigation is significant and expanding — most notably through the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) on the Tigris and Euphrates — but a large share of cereal production remains rainfed and exposed to drought.

Latest verified data

Each value is the most recent available observation, shown with its own year and unit. Figures are periodically revised — treat them as dated, sourced statistics, not evergreen facts.

Latest available agricultural indicators, with year and unit
IndicatorValueUnitYear
Agricultural land50.14% of land area2023
Arable land26.35% of land area2023
Cereal yield3,428.7kg per hectare2024
Crop production index125.29index (2014–2016 = 100)2022
Agriculture value added5.82% of GDP2024
Employment in agriculture(est.)14.55% of total employment2024
Irrigated agricultural land12.47% of agricultural land2023
Average precipitation593mm per year2022

Source: World Bank Open Data (World Development Indicators) (opens in a new tab) · dataset version 2026-07-01 · retrieved 2026-07-12

Cereal yield over time

201320192024
Turkiye — Cereal yield (kg per hectare). Bars start at zero.
Show data table
Turkiye — Cereal yield in kg per hectare by year
Yearkg per hectare
20133,256.9
20142,832.1
20153,307.8
20163,105.4
20173,257.4
20183,163.9
20193,200.8
20203,341.5
20212,918.5
20223,464.7
20233,659.1
20243,428.7

Source: World Bank Open Data (World Development Indicators) (opens in a new tab) · dataset version 2026-07-01 · retrieved 2026-07-12

Derived indicator

Arable land as a share of agricultural land: 52.5 % of agricultural land (2023)

Derived value — formula arable-share-of-agricultural-land v1.0.0 (calc v1). Inputs: AG.LND.ARBL.ZS (26.3) ÷ AG.LND.AGRI.ZS (50.1). A derived ratio, not an observed statistic. Sensitive to rounding and to differing revision cycles of the two source series; omit rather than extrapolate when a common year is unavailable.

Documented crops & livestock

Agricultural institutions

  • General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) — National agricultural research organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Tarim ve Orman Bakanligi) — National ministry responsible for agriculture, food, forestry, and water resources.

Data coverage & limitations

Covered by the World Bank WDI snapshots for land, production, yield, economy, inputs, and environment indicators, compiled largely from FAO and national sources.

  • Agricultural statistics are dated, versioned, and periodically revised; always read them together with their observation year and dataset version.
  • National statistical definitions — of agricultural land, irrigated area, holdings, and livestock categories — differ between countries and over time, which limits strict cross-country comparison.
  • Rainfed cereal output on the Anatolian plateau varies substantially between years with drought, so a single-year figure can misrepresent the underlying trend.
  • Production is regionally concentrated (hazelnuts on the Black Sea coast, cotton and pistachio in the south-east), a pattern that national aggregates obscure.

Sources

This article draws on the following authoritative sources. See our sources & methodology for how they are selected.

  1. [1]World Bank Open Data — World Development Indicators (opens in a new tab)

    World Bank

    Authoritative

    Cited for: Agricultural statistics (WDI)

    Type:
    Intergovernmental organization
    Jurisdiction:
    Global
    Accessed:
    2026-07-12
  2. [2]FAO — Food and Agriculture Organization (opens in a new tab)

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

    Authoritative

    Cited for: Production systems, irrigation, and food-balance context

    Type:
    Intergovernmental organization
    Jurisdiction:
    Global
    Accessed:
    2026-07-12